assata shakur black liberation armyassata shakur black liberation army

A book in the vehicle was said to contain a list of potential BLA targets. They mounted a campaign of guerilla activities against the U.S. government, using such tactics as planting bombs, holding up banks, and murdering drug dealers and police. When asked by a reporter why, if that were the case, it took the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict, Kunstler replied, "That was just a pretense." Christol, 2001, p. 140. [144] According to Kunstler's autobiography, the sizable contingent of New Jersey State Troopers guarding the courthouse were under strict orders from their commander, Col. Clinton Pagano, to completely shun Shakur's defense attorneys. [58] Assata Shakur walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender. [138] Upon hearing the verdict, Shakur saidin a barely audible voice "I am ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial", and that the jury was racist and had "convicted a woman with her hands up". A fugitive convicted killer has become the first woman to be put on the FBI's list of "Most Wanted Terrorists". [26] Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot; afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again. [11][72][73][74] She was transferred from Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick to Roosevelt Hospital in Edison after her lawyers obtained a court order from Judge John Bachman,[75] and then transferred to Middlesex County Workhouse a few weeks later. Tupac's aunt is Assata Shakur, the political activist and former Black Liberation Army member who escaped prison and fled to Cuba after she was convicted for the 1977 murder of a New. "[225] In 2013, the FBI announced it had added Shakur to its list of 'most wanted terrorists', the first time that a woman was so designated. [91], Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant by then working for the prosecution. [165] The charges were dismissed without trial. They have called us gangsters and gun molls and have compared us to such Is she a terrorist? "Neurosurgeon's Testimony Backs Mrs. Chesimard". Allen-Mills, Tony (May 27, 2007). In 1977, she was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). [213] On March 10, 1998[214] New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman asked Attorney General Janet Reno to do whatever it would take to return Shakur from Cuba. [117] Freeman was said to have later escaped unhurt. [149], A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. [76], During an interview, Assata Shakur discussed her treatment by the police and medical staff at Middlesex General Hospital. [70], With gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, Assata Shakur was moved to Middlesex General Hospital under "heavy guard" and was reported to be in "serious condition". Title: Black Liberation Army Papers Creator: Black Liberation Army Inclusive dates: 1963-1998 Extent: 1.5 Linear feet (1 records box and 1 manuscript box) Abstract: . [62] Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape. "Militant Autobiography: The Case of Assata Shakur," in. [100] The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be Allah in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison. She then joined the BLA, a loosely knit offshoot of the Black Panthers, which engaged in an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers.[4]. . Getty Images Joanne Chesimard, or Assata Shakur, is New Jersey's most wanted fugitive for killing a state trooper and then fleeing to Cuba in 1979. [49], By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)[50] was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her. McFadden, Robert D. (February 19, 1972). [81] In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. She fought for human rights in the 1960s and 1970s. She escaped prison and fled . A neurologist testified that the median nerve in Shakur's right arm was severed by the second bullet, making her unable to pull a trigger. Shakur, Assata, and Lewis, Ida E. (November 1, 2000). [14] She was arrested for the first timewith 100 other BMCC studentsin 1967, on charges of trespassing. [156] McGovern later sued Kunstler for defamation;[157] Kunstler eventually publicly apologized to McGovern and paid him a small settlement. "Black Liberation leaders indicted". [86] The prosecution called four witnesses: Avon White and John Rivers (both of whom had already pled guilty to the robbery) and the manager and teller of the bank. Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). "Police by Hundreds Comb 2 Boroughs for 6 Suspects in Ambush Shootings". Prial, Frank J. "[12], On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45a.m.,[58] Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. [122] The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. [58] Acoli was captured after a 36-hour manhuntinvolving 400 people, state police helicopters, and bloodhounds. Mar 24, 2017 at 5:05 pm. [45][46][47] Shakur was reported as one of six suspects in the ambushing of four policementwo in Jamaica, Queens, and two in Brooklynon January 28, 1973. The New York Clearing House Association paid for full-page ads displaying material about Shakur. But first, we want to find out more about a woman named Joanne Deborah Chesimard, aka Assata Shakur. . Assata Shakur: from civil rights activist to FBI's most-wanted A leading figure in the 70s Black Liberation Army, Shakur was given life for murder in 1977. (December 15, 1973). Due to the possibility of miscarriage, the prosecution successfully requested a mistrial for Shakur; Acoli's trial continued. Parry, Wayne (May 24, 2005), "NY councilman plans rally against Chesimard bounty". 1974). [126] The actual transfer took place on January 29. (December 13, 1973), "Chesimard Trial Goes To The Jury". Assata Shakur. Chesimard v. Mulcahy, 570 F.2d 1184 (3d Cir. State Trooper Harper was wounded; Zayd Shakur was killed; State Trooper Foerster was killed. $55.00 + $5.55 shipping. Two years later, she escaped. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. Shakur's only daughter, Kakuya Shakur, was conceived during her trial[108] and born on September 11, 1974, in the "fortified psychiatric ward" at Elmhurst General Hospital in Queens,[122][170] where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. [202] Shakur is also known to have worked as an English-language editor for Radio Havana Cuba. [81] A contemporary New York Times editorial criticized Williams for failing to maintain courtroom "decorum," comparing her actions to William Kunstler's recent contempt conviction for his actions during the "Chicago Seven" trial. Kaufman, Michael T. (January 30, 1973). [125], Shakur was acquitted after seven hours of jury deliberation on January 16, 1976,[122] and was immediately remanded back to New Jersey for the Turnpike trial. [206][207] The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. In May 1973, Shakur and two other members of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) were pulled over on the New Jersey Turnpike by State Trooper Werner Foerster and another highway officer. Assata Shakur, Assata: An Autobiography 65 likes Like "Schools in amerika are interested in brainwashing people with amerikanism, giving them a little bit of education, and training them in skills needed to fill the positions the capitalist system requires. Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case Investigation Joanne Chesimard". [231] CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. Assata Shakur and the Cuban Revolution After being liberated from a maximum security prison in New Jersey, Assata lived underground for five years. [64] A shootout ensued in which Trooper Foerster was shot twice in the head with his own gun and killed,[59][64] Zayd Shakur was killed, and Assata Shakur and Trooper Harper were wounded. [65] The police ordered Assata Shakur and Zayd Shakur to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that Assata Shakur reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle. The FBI and the NYPD further charged her as being a leader of the Black . [103] Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. [8] In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. Seller with a 100% positive feedback. [99] Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket. At the rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent "New Afrikan" state. [62][12], On March 24, the jurors listened for 45minutes to a rereading of testimony of the State Police chemist regarding the blood found at the scene, on the LeMans, and Shakur's clothing. [134], On February 23, Shakur's attorneys filed papers asking Judge Appleby to subpoena FBI Director Clarence Kelley, Senator Frank Church and other federal and New York City law enforcement officials to testify about the Counter Intelligence Program, which they alleged was designed to harass and disrupt black activist organizations. [132], The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). Assata's real crime, FBI spokesman Aaron Ford said, was that from Cuba she continues to "maintain and promote her ideology" and "provides anti-U.S. government speeches espousing the Black Liberation Army message"an ideology and message that the U.S. government has declared "terrorism." Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes and made the subject of a multi-state manhunt. [59][130][131] An en banc panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed. The reward for her capture and return was also doubled to $2 million. Assata Shakur was born as JoAnne Deborah Byron in 1947, but after getting deep into political activism and fighting to end oppression with the Black Panther Party she changed her "slave name" and adopted the . "Mistrial Declared in Chesimard Case as Jury Splits 11-1". [138] When Judge Appleby told the court attendants to "remove the prisoner", Shakur herself replied: "the prisoner will walk away on her own feet". Expand. After the vehicle was pulled over, two men stepped out of the vehicle and opened fire on NYPD officers John Scarangella and Richard Rainey. She escaped from prison in 1979 and is currently wanted by the FBI, with a $1 million reward for her apprehension. Prial, Frank J. [97] After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with Shakur officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy. [159] Prosecutor Barone questioned whether Davidson was qualified to make such a judgment 39months after the injury; Barone proceeded to suggest (while a female Sheriff's attendant acted out his suggestion) that Shakur was struck in the right arm and collar bone and "then spun around by the impact of the bullet so an immediate second shot entered the fleshy part of her upper left arm" to which Davidson replied "Impossible. [158], A key element of Shakur's defense was medical testimony meant to demonstrate that she was shot with her hands up and that she would have been subsequently unable to fire a weapon. [2] Acoli was granted parole in 2022 at the age of 85. Pace, Eric (December 27, 1971). On May 2, 1973, Assata was driving with Zayd Malik Shakur and Sundiata Acoli on the New Jersey Turnpike when New Jersey state troopers stopped them. [210], In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to Pope John Paul II asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's extradition during his talks with President Fidel Castro. 473 (D.N.J. [185] Mutulu Shakur, Silvia Baraldini, Sekou Odinga, and Marilyn Buck were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also held on charges related to the escape. [83] In protest, the lawyers stayed mute, and Shakur and Sadiki conducted their own defense. Exploring her well-read autobiography last year changed my life. Kamau Sadiki (born Fred W. X. Hilton), a co-defendant who shared a cell with Shakur during their trial for armed robbery in the Bronx (of which both were acquitted), is believed to be the father. [189][194], For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relativesincluding her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattanwere monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts. Krebs, Alan (February 3, 1978), "Notes on People". [189] Shakur has been described as a "rap music legend"[222] and a "minor cause celebre". [122] Andrew Jackson and two others indicted for the same robbery pleaded guilty; Jackson was sentenced to five years in prison and five years' probation; another was shot and killed in a gunfight in Florida on December 31, 1971, and the last remained at large at the time of Shakur's acquittal. Hershberger, James (March 24, 2006). [238] According to Dylan Rodriguez, to many "U.S. radicals and revolutionaries" Shakur represents a "venerated (if sometimes fetishized) signification of liberatory desire and possibility". In 2013 Assata Shakur, founding member of the Black Liberation Army, former Black Panther and godmother of Tupac Shakur, became the first ever woman to make the FBI's most wanted. Her trial and conviction were a result of the government conspiracy to destroy Black freedom fighters and the movement for liberation from capitalism. [93] Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant". [117] The text of Shakur's opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography. "[159], Dr. David Spain, a pathologist from Brookdale Community College, testified that her bullet scars as well as X-rays supported her claim that her arms were raised, and that there was "no conceivable way" the first bullet could have hit Shakur's clavicle if her arm was down. [138][139] Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern. [59][58] The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. Chesimard, a fugitive living in Cuba under the name Assata Shakur, was a member of the Black Liberation Army in 1973 when she shot and killed Trooper Werner Foerster during a traffic stop. [119][122], By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. [25] In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection in this incident but refused to elaborate. [62], In December 1973, Shakur was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in the Bronx, along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton). An activist in black radical groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army, Shakur was convicted of murdering a New Jersey state trooper in 1977, but supporters helped her escape prison and take refuge in Cuba. "F.B.I. Johnston, Richard H. (February 13, 1974). The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest the low numbers of black faculty and the lack of a black studies program. I felt like an African woman".[24]. Assata Olugbala Shakur (born July 16, 1947 as JoAnne Deborah Byron) is an African-American activist.She was a member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army.She was put into prison, but in 1984 she managed to escape.She now lives in Havana, Cuba, as a fugitive.She was the first woman to be put on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list. [12] She attended for a while before dropping out. Trooper Harper was wounded in the left shoulder, reported in "good" condition, and given a protective guard at the hospital. She is the woman who was recently added to the FBI's most wanted terrorist list. Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947[a]) is an American political activist who was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA). The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey denied the petition and also denied Shakur an injunction against the holding of trial proceedings on Fridays. The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response. Chesimard was . [163], In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. [223] The New Jersey State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation each still have an agent officially assigned to her case. [140], Her attorneys, in particular Lennox Hinds, were often held in contempt of court, which the National Conference of Black Lawyers cited as an example of systemic bias in the judicial system. (2001). [105] New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice. [123], One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. [3], Born in Flushing, Queens, she grew up in New York City and Wilmington, North Carolina. [138], At the post-trial press conference, Kunstler blamed the verdict on racism, stating that "the white element was there to destroy her". Assata Shakur is Tupac Shakur's godmother Assata Shakur was the de facto leader of the Black Liberation Army in the early 1970s. [163] Appleby finally sentenced Shakur to 30days in the Middlesex County Workhouse for contempt of court, concurrent with the other sentences, for refusing to rise when he entered the courtroom. Quick Reference. Why Cuba will never send Assata Shakur to the U.S. Their married life ended within a year; they divorced in December 1970. Brown,[136] Stanley Cohen (who died of unknown causes early on in the Turnpike trial), Lennox Hinds, Florynce Kennedy, Louis Myers, Laurence Stern, and Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt. In 1984, she was granted political asylum by the socialist Republic of Cuba then under the leadership of President Fidel Castro. [120][121] The trial was delayed until 1976,[119] when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. , Michael T. ( January 30, 1973 ), `` Chesimard trial Goes the., 2000 ) their married life ended within a year ; they divorced in December 1970 staff... 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