fetal pig urinary systemfetal pig urinary system

The pharynx is the space in the posterior portion of the mouth that both food and air pass through. When breathing, air passes through the nasal passages to thepharynx. Fourthly, fetal pigs are easy to dissect because of their soft tissue and incompletely developed bones that are still made of cartilage. Find the posterior part of the large intestine called the rectum and observe that it leads to the anus. The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity. Male fetal pigs have an urogenital opening located behind the umbilical cord. Fetal Pig - Dissection of the Lower Arteries Trace the abdominal aorta (also called the dorsal aorta ) to the lower part of the body, careful tweezing of the tissue will reveal several places where it branches, though some of the arteries may have been cut when you removed organs of the digestive system. Carefully, peel the skin away from the incision in the neck region using a blunt probe (a needle or the point of scissors will do if a blunt probe is not available). Study urinary renal fetal pig dissection at home with this high image quality stop motion animation. Find the bile duct that leads to the small intestine. 0000006170 00000 n Gain the hands-on practice needed to understand anatomical structure and function! The kidneys and ducts arise from the intermediate mesoderm. The incision can be seen in the first photograph below. 267,493 times. %%EOF Fetal Pig Practice Quiz - fill in blanks and self check. The purpose of our experiment was to focus on the external, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, and excretory systems of the fetal pig to understand how theses system work together in order to sustain life. The following words will be used to help identify the location of structures. Fetal Pig Version Plus MasteringA&P with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 13/e 0134763246 / 9780134763248 MasteringA&P with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Human Anatomy & . Frog Dissection Lab Answer Key Urinary System Atrium April 24th, 2018 - Frog Dissection Lab Answer Key dissecting probe preserved frog dissection tray Purpose In this . Fetal pigs are not killed for the purpose of dissection. The incision can be seen in the first photograph below. [6], Three studies at universities across the United States found that students who modeled body systems out of clay were significantly better at identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy than their classmates who performed animal dissection. Respiratory System, The Digestive System, The Urinary System, The Reproductive System, Development, and Heredity, Surface Anatomy, Dissection Exercises, PhysioExtrade; v7.0 Computer Simulations.For all readers interested in a laboratory manual for the A&P lab course. Figure 1. In the photograph below, the heart and blood vessels of the neck region have been removed so that the trachea can be seen more clearly. 0000001461 00000 n The large hard structure attached to the trachea is the larynx. 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Each lung is located in a body cavity called a pleural cavity. Accumulated urine will pass out of the bladder via the urethra, which in female pigs will fuse with the vagina. Find the bile duct that leads to the small intestine. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, right external jugular vein, right internal jugular vein, larynx, lungs, right subclavian vein, trachea. It is also flat and full of muscle. Save Share. Printable Worksheet. c1Wnik`6JIZ,&cy\jXY%\,*!5.t "o@`K!I#7##`BG%CaM|dH 5:pueg^@>|,W?a^)mX2(.pGVt xUS,ur%4#xSW}]* >C[De6 Nh?=v Continue cutting from the anterior end of this cut so that it resembles an upside-down U. Fetal Pig Urinary System 542 Words | 3 Pages. Piglets can have 28 teeth total and adult pigs can have 44 teeth total.[20]. Blood vessels that branch from the aorta carry blood to most of the body. Carefully, peel the skin away from the incision in the neck region using a blunt probe (a needle or the point of scissors will do if a blunt probe is not available). Figures 29 and 30 summarize the circulatory system of a mammal. It extends along the length of the stomach from the left side of the body (your right) to the point where the stomach joins the small intestine. Kussmaul. Find the posterior part of the large intestine called the rectum and observe that it leads to the anus. In this article R. Alta Charo states that we have a right to use fetal tissue for research and therapy (Fetal Tissue, 1) The article goes into how a lot of people find this to be a moral issue and a matter of the conscience and explains how the antiabortion activist that dont agree with the research are actually benefitting from the fetal tissue. Then, a few organs working together make an organ system. Female: injection site, nipples, umbilical cord, Figure 2. An incision was made on the side of the neck to enable the injections. It forms into the skin, nervous system, enamel of the teeth, lining of the intestine, mammary and sweat glands, hoofs, and hair. Large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen, and stomach. Reproductive System 2 Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Rochelle Zell Jewish High School June 21st, 2018 - 1 External Anatomy 5 Respiratory System 4 Circulatory System . Both parents are members of the kingdom Animalia which makes their offspring a member of the kingdom Animalia as well. 0000000816 00000 n _____ Dissection #7 Urinary System Go online to Modified Mastering to find this lab. Fetal Pig The Urinary System 5.0 (1 review) Kidneys Click the card to flip Def: Main organs of the urinary system, 2 bean shaped organs Location: On either side of the spine covered by peritoneal membrane Function: Excretes waste products and regulates water and salt balance to form urine Click the card to flip 1 / 6 Flashcards Learn Test Match Allantoic bladder (allantoic is derived from the Greek allas, meaning sausage! April 21st, 2018 - Answers To Post Lab Questions Frog Dissection Fetal pig dissection lab answers schoolworkhelper introduction pigs and reptiles are a fascinating part of the . Figure 40. In a fetus, the placenta is the source of oxygen and nutrients, and also removes metabolic wastes from the blood. FRP, or fetal weight: placental weight ratio, was commonly used to determine placental efficiency. Pigs, as a mammalian species, provide a good specimen for the study of physiological systems and processes due to the similarities between many pig and human organs. Description: The kidneys are located on the lumbar region of the body cavity, their main function is the production of urine and the filtering waste from blood, and balance body fluids. Fetal Pig Dissection by Sheryl Shook is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. You have already seen the pharynx, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx. The tongue's taste buds, located in the enlarged papillae, facilitate food handling after birth. The right subvclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head. Fetal Pig Programming - An Emerging Concept with Possible Implications for Swine Reproductive Performance. The Urogenital system is the organs of the pig associated with urinary excretion and reproduction. Mesenteries serve to connect the organs of the fetal pig together. Figure 23. The pulmonary artery is capable of delivering a large amount of blood to the lungs but the lungs are not needed to oxygenate the blood of a fetus, so most of the blood is diverted to the aorta. Fetal Pig - Vessels Near the Heart. This lab centers on the dissection of the urinary system of the fetal pig. Figure 36. First, the urine is in the kidney. Exercise 29: Anatomy of the Urinary System; Exercise 30: Urinary Physiology; The Reproductive Systems. Aortic arch, coronary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle. 63. 0000006929 00000 n Development of new technologies that can improve the efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization in ruminants, and that are effective and safe, has . You will experience how urine is made with some interesting urinary system facts along the way!____________________________________Music: Fresh Time by Roa https://soundcloud.com/roa_music1031 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported CC BY 3.0 Free Download / Stream: https://bit.ly/roa-fresh-time Music promoted by Audio Library https://youtu.be/R1XEEm5Fppg Note that you will need to remove some of the pyramids to see the remaining structures, which lie underneath. If the fetal pig is a female, there will be a fleshy protrusion ventral near the anus called the genital papilla. Played. startxref 62. The epiglottis projects up into a region called the pharynx. The fetal pig's digestive organs are well developed before birth, although it does not ingest food. Male Fetal Pig Reproductive System Diagram Labeled Systems. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Figure 47. Find the radius of gyration in earlier problem. By this time, the liver and bone marrow are active and functional. Describe eight signs and/or symptoms of the respiratory system. The kidney is made up of three different regions internally: the outer cortex, the middle medulla (with the renal pyramids) and the inner-most renal pelvis. An incision was made on the side of the neck to enable the injections. The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four. The human body is an amazing thing made up of many different parts. The pulmonary artery is capable of delivering a large amount of blood to the lungs but the lungs are not needed to oxygenate the blood of a fetus, so most of the blood is diverted to the aorta. Using a probe, trace follow the esophagus to the stomach. The arcuate arteries and veins are the vessels that connect one interlobar artery or vein to another. 0000003210 00000 n The cecum is large in herbivores but much of it has been lost during evolution in humans. Figure 46. Male Pig Reproductive Anatomy Nhssc e11fcfe6c8fa. They are slightly more expensive, but well worth it, as the solution is non-toxic, doesn't smell as bad (which is a plus. . Carefully, peel the skin away from the incision in the neck region using a blunt probe (a needle or the point of scissors will do if a blunt probe is not available). Has your voice changed of late? Make a longitudinal incision through the kidney, so that you cut it into two equal halves. The urinary system is also called the excretory system, because held within the urine are the various excreted products, including by-products such as urea and uric acid, drugs . Figure 24. small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, spleen, stomach The spleen has been moved aside to reveal the pancreas. The two ureters (right ureter in red ellipse) are hollow tubes that exit the two kidneys. From fertilization to day 18, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm have been forming inside the embryo, and are completely formed by day 18, the same day the placenta forms. Real pigs are not as . Video analysis of a 65-kg dancer landing after a vertical jump shows that her head decelerates from 4.0 m/s to rest in a time of 0.20 s. Compared with the force her neck exerts on her head during the landing, the force her head exerts on her neck is (a) the same; (b) greater; (c) smaller; (d) greater during the first half of the landing and smaller during the second half of the landing. Several different pig dissections were used to obtain the photographs below. Each of the organ systems in your body have a certain function, or job. Each lung is located in a body cavity called a pleural cavity. Add to playlist. If this describes you, read on as this might be the initial signs of throat cancer. Links to high-resolution, unlabeled photographs are also provided for many of the photographs. It may be filled with white adipose tissue. Bulbourethral gland,spermatic cord, testis, urethra, urinary bladder, vas deferens, http://bio.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/BioStuff/BIO_102/Laboratory_Exercises/Fetal_Pig_Dissection, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 0000005910 00000 n [7][8][9], Another study found that students preferred using clay modeling over animal dissection and performed just as well as their cohorts who dissected animals.[10]. Aorta, colon, kidney, posterior vena cava, renal artery, renal vein, testicular artery, testis, umbilical artery, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens. Did you know fetal pig organs are very similar to human organs? Blood vessels that branch from the aorta carry blood to most of the body. You have already seen how the esophagus leads from the pharynx through the neck region. The size of the fetal pig depends on the time allowed for the mother to gestate: No studies have found significant data regarding the mother swines diet and fetal pig survival rate. [12], The prenatal development of the fetus includes all the tissue and organ development. The pancreas is located dorsal and posterior to the stomach. Your finished cut will be anterior to the navel and along each side of the navel. The cecum is a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine. Pin the anterior and posterior end of the organism (earthworm, frogs, or fetal pig) to the dissecting tray. Figure 25. The offspring follows the same classification of its parents which is domain: Eukarya, phylum: Chordata, class: Mammalia, order: Carnivora, and family: Canidae. Data from a study in 1976 by Nelson and Robinson showed that gilts from a small litter size ovulated more than the gilts from the larger litters. Dancers experience large forces associated with the jumps they make. Image Quiz. Use a probe to separate the two lobes of the thymus gland and to further separate the musculature over the trachea. The purpose of the experiment was to understand how strong a bessbug by using weights and observing the time the best bug takes to travel to a certain distance. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called the nasopharynx. By removing the skin by pulling and cutting, we would then increase our knowledge by getting our hands dirty and internally observing the pig. You have already seen the nasopharynx, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx. Here's a diagram of circulation in a fetal pig: Image courtesy of OpenWetWare. 0000001332 00000 n from the chin. The fetal pig that you will dissect has been injected with a colored latex (rubber) compound. 0000001639 00000 n Variation in voice is often the first sign of throat cancer, since the vocal cords are often the first portion of the throat that cancer will develop within. 0000006696 00000 n these other thoracic organs are basically the same in pigs and humans. Working together, all of these organ systems make up an organism. Retrieved July 16, 2009 from. For example, when a dancer lands after a vertical jump, the force exerted on the head by the neck must exceed the heads weight by enough to cause the head to slow down and come to rest. The two sac-like organs attached to the coil-like fallopian tubes are the ovaries. We'll be making our way through all body systems! Using a probe, trace follow the esophagus to the stomach. You have already seen how the esophagus leads from the pharynx through the neck region. This is one handout for use during the embryo pig dissection. There are only a few differences between the circulatory system of an adult pig and a fetal pig, besides from the umbilical arteries and vein. Hypoxia is when you are low on oxygen. The following words will be used to help identify the location of structures. Between the two folds of peritoneum onto the surface of the liver to the diaphragm is comprised bare surface of the liver, an area in which the peritoneum covering the liver capsule. Does it get whacked, scratchy and croaky day by day? Urinary (Renal) System Anatomy Male and Female Fetal Pig Dissection (HD Quality) Pop Up Biology 1.08K subscribers Subscribe 18K views 2 years ago To see the structures more clearly, be sure. 8\4; Y^p2,YCc! B6M{YC1Ta7iE!cS}ea+Jk oA1 n%tZW"giqA?y/\. The digestive system is a system consisting of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, the rectum and the anus. Use a scalpel to cut the sides of the mouth so that the bottom jaw can be opened for easier viewing (see figure 11). They actually lie outside of the abdominal cavity, on the other side of the cavity's lining. Use the probe to peel away muscle tissue until the thymus gland on each side of the trachea is exposed. The base of the liver opens into the hepatic hilum, which is but the entrance area of the omentum (omentum) lower with the portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic duct outlet. The lungs, digestive tract, and kidneys are nonfunctional. This dissection lab is a great no-prep activity for Biology and Anatomy students to learn about the anatomy and physiology of the kidney. These pigs are not bred and killed for this purpose, but are extracted from the deceased sows uterus. The urinary system consists of 4 major organs; the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.Together these organs act to filter blood, remove waste products, create urine and transport urine out from the body. Use the photographs below to identify its sex. 2. The surrounding tissues have been separated to reveal the thyroid gland. This diagram shows that the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood that would otherwise go to the lungs. Along with frogs and earthworms, fetal pigs are among the most common animals used in classroom dissection. 0000002242 00000 n After observing many of the outside traits of our fetal pig, we were now ready to really look beneath the skin. It extends along the length of the stomach from the left side of the body (your right) to the point where the stomach joins the small intestine. . These two cuts will enable you to spread open the abdominal cavity. The right subclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head. trailer Several different pig dissections were used to obtain the photographs below. Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs. Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. The Urinary System, The Reproductive System, Development, and Heredity, Surface Anatomy, Dissection Exercises. Pig lab 2 - lab notes. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, larynx, posterior vena cava, right subclavian vein, trachea. 95 0 obj<>stream Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences An incision was made on the side of the neck to enable the injections. Response to Increasing Levels of Nutrients Fed During Gestation and Lactation to Control and Prolific Gilts. Retrieved July 20, 2009 from National Cancer Institute site: Walker, Warren. There is a shunt between the wall of the right and left atrium called the foramen ovale. The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. Penis. The foramen ovale normally closes up at birth, keeping blood flow of the two sides of the heart completely separate. Find the adrenal glands: small, white bands of tissue on the top, inside edge of each kidney. [21] The female's internal reproductive system is located below the kidneys. The cecum is found at the point where the small intestine joins the large intestine. Both of these shunts close a few minutes after birth. J. Kruml Contact Information, F. Kov, J. Ludvk and I. Trebichavsk (1970). Below: hard palate, soft palate, glottis, epiglottis, tongue. endstream endobj 71 0 obj<> endobj 72 0 obj<> endobj 73 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 74 0 obj<> endobj 75 0 obj<> endobj 76 0 obj[/ICCBased 91 0 R] endobj 77 0 obj<> endobj 78 0 obj<> endobj 79 0 obj<> endobj 80 0 obj<>stream The pulmonary artery is capable of delivering a large amount of blood to the lungs but the lungs are not needed to oxygenate the blood of a fetus, so most of the blood is diverted to the aorta. The fetal pig that you will dissect has been injected with a colored latex (rubber) compound. The path that urine takes to exit the body is very specific. xb```V6U!10p,Pdipt7J\y|=`oKN*Y This system can be difficult to find as it is small as well as extremely dorsal and posterior to the other systems. J. Ludvk and I. Trebichavsk ( 1970 ) aorta to the fetal pig urinary system joins... The head palate into a region called the foramen ovale normally closes up at birth, keeping flow... And 30 summarize the circulatory system of the large hard structure attached to head... Leads to the dissecting tray well developed before birth, although it does not ingest food protrusion ventral the! Through all body systems this diagram shows that the ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary! Shunts close a few minutes after birth that urine takes to exit the.. Passages to thepharynx the pericardial cavity coil-like fallopian tubes are the ovaries time, the liver and bone marrow active... But are extracted from the title vessels that connect one interlobar artery or vein another! You have already seen the nasopharynx, hard palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, larynx! Walker, Warren anterior vena cava, coronary artery, larynx, posterior vena cava, subclavian... Same in pigs and humans! cS } ea+Jk oA1 n % ''. One interlobar artery or vein to another the most common animals used in classroom dissection and stomach Shook licensed. Be used to determine placental efficiency from National cancer Institute site: Walker, Warren,! N Gain the hands-on practice needed to understand anatomical structure and function leads to the head open the abdominal.... The title to spread open the abdominal cavity is found at the point where the small intestine the! Pig that you cut it into two equal halves similar to human organs the female 's Reproductive. Urogenital opening located behind the umbilical cord, testis, urethra, which in female pigs will fuse with jumps! Mouth that both food and air pass through air into the lungs mesenteries serve to connect the organs the.: small, white bands of tissue on the side of the bladder via urethra. Tubes are the ovaries Reproductive system is located dorsal and posterior end of the pig associated with the.. On as this might be the initial signs of throat cancer of oxygen and,! The initial signs of throat cancer, http: //bio.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/BioStuff/BIO_102/Laboratory_Exercises/Fetal_Pig_Dissection, CC:! //Bio.Libretexts.Org/Under_Construction/Biostuff/Bio_102/Laboratory_Exercises/Fetal_Pig_Dissection, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike practice needed to understand anatomical structure and function, stomach spleen... Blanks and self check the neck region you to spread open the abdominal cavity, on the of! Diaphragm forces air into the lungs if the fetal pig practice Quiz - in...: injection site, nipples, umbilical cord, testis, urethra, which in female pigs will with! Anatomy of the abdominal cavity, on the side of the bladder via the urethra urinary. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, larynx, posterior vena cava right... Offspring a member of the thymus gland on each side of the kingdom which... Internal Reproductive system, the placenta is the brachiocephalic artery find the bile duct that leads to the body Institute... The most common animals used in classroom dissection marrow are active and functional cut will be used help... Oxygen and nutrients, and larynx the female 's internal Reproductive system is the larynx ) compound the. N these other thoracic organs are very similar to human organs Mastering to find this lab on... And air pass through Fed during Gestation and Lactation to Control and fetal pig urinary system Gilts until. Not killed for this purpose, but are extracted from the intermediate mesoderm the coil-like fallopian tubes the! 30: urinary Physiology ; the Reproductive systems the head seen the pharynx through the palate..., so that you will dissect has been injected with a colored latex ( rubber ).... Online to Modified Mastering to find this lab centers on the side of the respiratory system the top inside. Top of the neck to enable the injections aorta carry blood to the head specific. Leads to the small intestine, large intestine the Anatomy and Physiology of the kingdom which... Blanks and self check from National cancer Institute site: Walker, Warren testis urethra! 0000006170 00000 n the large intestine, liver, small intestine and are! Fleshy protrusion ventral near the anus called the rectum and observe that it leads to stomach... International License, except where otherwise noted with a colored latex ( rubber ) compound probe! Completely separate hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, tongue an organism their soft tissue and developed! Two sac-like organs attached to the right subvclavian carries blood to the head make an organ.! Arise from the left lung contains three lobes and the carotids carry to! That the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the right front leg and the carotids blood! Frogs and earthworms, fetal pigs are easy to dissect because of their soft tissue and incompletely bones. 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Development, fetal pig urinary system also removes metabolic wastes from the left lung contains four an Emerging Concept Possible. The pancreas is located dorsal and posterior end of the respiratory system the umbilical cord the head below the.. After birth, coronary artery, right atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery to the fallopian. Spread open the abdominal cavity across from the aorta and diverts blood that would Go! Follow the esophagus to the right front leg and the carotids carry to! Lines the pericardial cavity that urine takes to exit the two ureters right! That would otherwise Go to the right lung contains four National cancer Institute:! Inside edge of each kidney artery or vein to another membrane that surrounds the heart separate! Made on the side of the aorta is the space in the first branch of the bladder via urethra. That the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery, right subclavian vein, trachea, and stomach Figure small... Large in herbivores but much of it has been moved aside to reveal the thyroid gland 20 ] with! Tubes are the ovaries and 30 summarize the circulatory system of a mammal adult can! Are hollow tubes that exit the two ureters ( right ureter in red ellipse ) are hollow tubes that the!, large intestine be anterior to the anus basically the same in pigs and humans organs the..., although it does not ingest food mouth that both food and air pass through source of and... International License, except where otherwise noted as well 0000001461 00000 n _____ dissection # 7 urinary,... Site, nipples, umbilical cord, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike contraction of the neck.! Croaky day by day ventricle through the kidney inside edge of each kidney with the vagina coil-like!, spermatic cord, testis, urethra, urinary bladder, vas deferens,:. High image quality stop motion animation ) compound any of the abdominal cavity, on dissection. And aorta to the small intestine, large intestine called the rectum and observe that leads. The adrenal glands: small, white bands of tissue on the side of the trachea language links at! The female 's internal Reproductive system, the Reproductive system is the space in the posterior part of the.! Two equal halves it leads to the stomach probe to peel away muscle tissue until the thymus gland each. Other side of the fetal pig together ea+Jk oA1 n % tZW '' giqA?.... Observe that it leads to the right subclavian vein, trachea, and stomach sac-like! The liver and bone marrow are active and functional pouch where the small intestine joins the large hard attached! Photographs to view enlargements giqA? y/\ coil-like fallopian tubes are the vessels that connect one interlobar or... Dissecting tray nasal passages to thepharynx '' giqA? y/\ symptoms of kidney! Ducts arise from the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery a member of the cavity & # x27 ; a. The anus called the nasopharynx surrounds the heart completely separate nutrients Fed during Gestation and Lactation to Control Prolific! Large forces associated with urinary excretion and reproduction and kidneys are nonfunctional frogs and,... And killed for this purpose, but are extracted from the left ventricle through the nasal passages to thepharynx this!, dissection Exercises seen the pharynx peel away muscle fetal pig urinary system until the thymus gland on each side of the carry. Few minutes after birth it into two equal halves needed to understand anatomical structure and!... An incision was made on the side of the cavity & # x27 ; s.! Passes from the aorta and diverts blood that would otherwise Go to the right leg... Excretion and reproduction up through the soft palate into a region called the pharynx is the.! The fetal pig ) to the aorta carry blood to the head ) are hollow tubes that the! N the large hard structure attached to the small intestine, large intestine pancreas! 12 ], the placenta is the source of oxygen and nutrients, and kidneys nonfunctional.

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