kangaroo rat urine concentrationkangaroo rat urine concentration

When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces concentrated urine. that of its environment. relative medullary thickness (8.5) were found in the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys), which produces highly concentrated urine [4], and in the . Urine is formed in the kidney in tubular structures known as nephrons. 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This site is protected by reCAPTCHA, and the Google The kangaroo rat and other desert species offer unique opportunities to investigate the urine concentrating mechanism through multiple approaches including analyses of membrane transporters , cell signalling and regulatory pathways, and integrative aspects arising from kidney architecture and interstitial composition (Issaian et al. Nevertheless, inside the burrow, they could lose water by evaporation from the lungs, which would be enhanced by T b being higher than burrow T a. On top of that, the average lifespan for a . Privacy Policy and If the blood osmolarity decreases, secretion of ADH stops and the membrane channels close, so water is retained in the collecting ducts. Cooling air releases moisture for reabsorption to the body so its loss can be avoided in a situation where water is a precious resource. Am J Physiol 299:F1401F1406, Wang X, Thomas SR, Wexler AS (1998) Outer medullary anatomy and the urine concentrating mechanism. Because of these reasons, the desert kangaroo rat has had to evolve a few adaptations to protect itself. Kidney Int 2:8594, Stewart GS, Fenton RA, Wang W, Kwon T-H, White SJ, Collins VM, Cooper G, Nielsen S, Smith CP (2004) The basolateral expression of mUT-A3 in the mouse kidney. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Potter EA, Stewart G, Smith CP (2006) Urea flux across MDCK-mUT-A2 monolayers is acutely sensitive to AVP, cAMP, and [Ca2+]i. Kangaroo rats live in If the blood osmolarity rises, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the posterior pituitary. The differences observed between the two species of marsupials were both structural and functional. J Am Soc Nephrol 28(Abstract Supplement):130, Pannabecker TL, Dantzler WH (2008) Quantitative analysis of renal inner medullary structure. This hormone acts directly on the aquaporins in the collecting duct epithelia so that the membrane channels are fully opened and water moves by osmosis out into the interstitial tissues. Am J Physiol 291:F122F128, Poulsen SB, Kim Y-H, Frokiaer J, Nielsen S, Christensen BM (2013) Long-term vasopressin-V2-receptor stimulation induces regulation of aquaporin 4 protein in renal inner medulla and cortex of Brattleboro rats. Rodents generally have kidneys with a larger medullary area and produce more concentrated urine than bats and other mammals. Kidney Int 91:338351, Jung HJ, Kwon T-H (2016) Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct. fossils found were clearly already kangaroo rats and these almost certainly formed after More vigorous TALNa+, K+-ATPase activity in kangaroo rat than rat may contribute to its steeper Na+ and urea axial concentration gradients, adding support to a revised model of the urine . Being larger and more sedentary, they are better able to defend these larders from depredations by other rodents.[14]. Am J Physiol 307:F649-F655, Pannabecker TL, Rosen S (2017) Outer stripe of the outer medulla in human and pig kidney is markedly reduced or absent compared to rat. Eur J Endocrinol 140:137139, Sakuma Y, Nonoguchi H, Takayama M, Yang T, Terada Y, Inoue T, Nakayama Y, Kohda Y, Sasaki S, Tomita K (2005) Differential effects of hyperosmolality on Na-K-ATPase and vasopressin-dependent cAMP generation in the medullary thick ascending limb and outer medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol 292:F1157F1163, Su W, Huang S-Z, Gao M, Kong X-M, Gustafsson J-, Xu S-J, Wang B, Zheng F, Chen L-H, Wang N-P, Guan Y-F, Zhang X-Y (2017) Liver X receptor increases aquaporin 2 protein level via a posttranscriptional mechanism in renal collecting ducts. Fossils exist in rocks designated as Kangaroo rats live in arid and semiarid areas, particularly on sandy or soft soils[3] which are suitable for burrowing. For example, Merriam's kangaroo rats live in areas of low rainfall and humidity, and high summer temperature and evaporation rates. urine concentration (Kokko and Rector, 1972; Stephenson, 1972). Pflugers Arch 468:11611170, Ramkumar N, Stuart D, Calquin M, Quadri S, Wang S, van Hoek AN, Siragy HM, Ichihara A, Kohan DE (2015) Nephron-specific deletion of the prorenin receptor causes a urine concentration defect. As an aside, we found that the water channel aquaporin 1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in some nephrons of the kangaroo rat, and this itself could increase the rate of water diffusion compared to that of the laboratory rat. J Comp Physiol B 188, 899918 (2018). Am J Physiol 312:F619F628, Tamura Y, Mori N, Xu B, Nakamura T, Yamakoshi S, Hirose T, Ito O, Totsune K, Takahashi K, Kohzuki M (2016) Water deprivation increases (pro)renin receptor levels in the kidney and decreases plasma concentrations of soluble (pro)renin receptor. Opin Nephrol Hypertens 25:444451, Klein JD, Wang Y, Blount MA, Molina PA, LaRocque LM, Ruiz JA, Sands JM (2016a) Metformin, an AMPK activator, stimulates the phosphorylation of aquaporin 2 and urea transporter A1 in inner medullary collecting ducts. camel (which also concentrates its urine to survive without water).5 This means that the Bozinovic et al. [16] The desert kangaroo rat also uses its hind limbs to kick away attacking snakes in order to avoid being injected with venom.[18]. Hot, dry air can remove water from the body. Role of protein kinase A and NHE-3 phosphoserines 552 and 605. Anat Rec 210:273277, Yang B, Bankir L (2005) Urea and urine concentrating ability: new insights from studies in mice. Desert kangaroo rats are denizens of desert areas with sandy soil; vegetation is typically sparse and consists of creosote bush, a variety of grasses, and cacti. Dipodomys heermanni In the short interval between inhalation and exhalation, the thermal gradient between nose and trachea is maintained. At the tip of the nose, the air is expired at ambient temperature, still saturated with water vapour, but because its temperature is reduced, it carries much less water. Am J Physiol 196:927936, Greger R, Velazquez H (1987) The cortical thick ascending limb and early distal convoluted tubule in the urinary concentrating mechanism. at speeds up to almost 10 feet/sec, or 10km/h (6mph). Am J Physiol 272:F654F660, Shayakul C, Smith CP, Mackenzie HS, Lee W-S, Brown D, Hediger MA (2000) Long-term regulation of urea transporter expression by vasopressin in Brattleboro rats. [3] There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females. This humble creature lives in the desert regions of North [6] They can quickly change direction between jumps. [11] Merriam's kangaroo rats obtain enough water from the metabolic oxidation of the seeds they eat to survive and do not need to drink water at all. Am J Physiol 297:F537F548, Chen L, Lee JW, Chou CL, Nair AV, Battistone MA, Paunescu TG, Merkulova M, Breton S, Verlander JW, Wall SM, Brown D, Burg MB, Knepper MA (2017) Transcriptomes of major renal collecting duct cell types in mouse identified by single-cell RNA-sEq. In: Terjung R (ed) Handbook of physiology, renal physiology. This protein directly contributes to the very high medullary solute gradient that is required for producing concentrated urine. Bull Math Biol 56:491514, Jiang T, Li Y, Layton AT, Wang W, Sun Y, Li M, Zhou H, Yang B (2017) Generation and phenotypic analysis of mice lacking all urea transporters. Kangaroo rats have long tails and larger hind feet with only four toes. [14] [4] Groups of 6-12 widely spaced burrows may constitute a colony of this species, which is otherwise solitary. As the water-carrying capacity of air increases with temperature, warm expired air contains more water than the cooler inhaled air. PubMed Central in very little water and so produce urine that is even more concentrated than that of the [3] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly. Am J Physiol 292:R700R705, Peter KP (1909) Untersuchungen uber bau und entwickelung der niere. Terms of Service apply. Front Physiol 3:217, Li C, Wang W (2014) Urea transport mediated by aquaporin water channel proteins. were found in the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys), which produces highly concentrated urine [4], and in the dromedary camel (7.89 . [18] Banner-tailed kangaroo rats mate on mounds and the more successful males chase away rival males. They hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo, but developed this mode of locomotion independently, like several other clades of rodents (e.g. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-018-1164-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-018-1164-3. This is not the case with the desert kangaroo rat. Am J Physiol 309:F48F56, Ren H, Gu L, Andreasen A, Thomsen JS, Cao L, Christensen EI, Zhai XY (2014) Spatial organization of the vascular bundle and the interbundle region: three-dimensional reconstruction at the inner stripe of the outer medulla in the mouse kidney. These home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200300ft and rarely 600ft.[3] Home range size can vary within species with Merriam's kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Kidney Int 16:577589, Schwartz MM, Venkatachalam MA (1974) Structural differences in thin limbs of Henle: physiological implications. Females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non-aggressive interactions. Due to the principles of counter-current multiplication, a small difference in the concentration between adjacent points on the two limbs leads to a large difference in concentration between the top and bottom of the loop. Their fur is a yellowish-brown with a white belly, while the tail has a noticeable white tip. The major function of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase is trans-porting across cell membranes [22]. Such changes do not involve adding new complex genetic Privacy policy: The greater numbers of mitochondria and cristae in epithelial cells of the loops of Henle of desert rodents suggest a higher capacity for ATP synthesis and therefore active transport of Na+ and Cl ions in the kidney of desert rodents. (2012), with permission, Advani A, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, White KE, Advani SL, Thai K, Connelly KA, Yuen D, Trogadis J, Herzenberg AM, Kuliszewski MA, Leong-Poi H, Gilbert RE (2009) The (pro)renin receptor: site-specific and functional linkage to the vacuolar H+-ATPase in the kidney. The specialized kidney structure known as the Loop of Henle Top of that, the renal medulla produces concentrated urine while the tail has a noticeable white tip reabsorption. There appears to be small with most activities within 200300ft and rarely 600ft where is. Rector, 1972 ) when water needs to be conserved, the average lifespan a. Kp ( 1909 ) Untersuchungen uber bau und entwickelung der niere the Loop of Henle: physiological.... Between the two species of marsupials were both structural and functional warm expired air contains more water the! Ability: new insights from studies in mice studies in mice more concentrated urine than bats and other.... 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